Dear Friend,
How many times have you found yourself in this situation?
Your friends or co-workers are heading out to their favorite fast food joint for lunch and invite you to join them. You want to go, but you’re also trying to lose weight and watch your cholesterol. If you say “no thanks,” they might think you’re a weirdo. Say “yes” and you know you’ll blow your diet. What do you do?
Or how about this…
You worked through lunch and now, at 2:00 p.m., you’re ravenous. So you make a beeline to the nearest drive-thru. All those yummy food photos look so good! You go for the big value meal—and say “yes” when they ask if you want it “super-sized.” You scarf it all down on the way back to the office. The rest of the afternoon you feel terrible about yourself for having so little willpower.
Or does this sound familiar…
You pick the kids up after work. They’re starving … and so are you.
“McDonalds” they yell. “Burger King, Mom— please!” Eat now and you won’t have to cook supper. Plus you’ll have time for the rest of your errands. But aren’t they eating too much fast food these days? And look at how chubby they’re getting. And what about your weight? So what do you tell them?
My name is Dr. Stephen Sinatra and I have an ingenious solution for all of these dilemmas.
I’ve just written a book entitled The Fast Food Diet that proves you can actually lose weight, lower your cholesterol, and improve your health without giving up fast food.
I’m not kidding.
Who really wants to give up the convenience, the low cost, and the great taste of fast food these days? It’s just so easy to hop in the car, zip the whole family through the drive-thru, and have lunch or dinner handled in 10 or 15 minutes. No cooking. No clean up. No stress. With time left over for relaxing. Plus change from a $20 bill.
The Fast Food Diet will prove that you DON’T have to give it up.
In fact, can eat fast food every single day and still lose 8 to 12 pounds a month—every month!—without feeling hungry, without depriving yourself of the foods and restaurants you love, and without going on some strange diet.
My plan is so simple and painless, you’ll shed pounds as effortlessly as you gained it. No one will ever realize you’re trying to lose weight until they see the impressive results with their own eyes.
In The Fast Food Diet, I’ll show you …
• How to lose weight steadily and surely without starving yourself. In fact, on my plan, you MUST eat three full meals a day! (FACT: Meal-skippers actually take in more calories during the day than people who eat three squares.) Page 33 explains.
• Why snacking between meals is the secret to shedding pounds—because it keeps your hunger under control. Page 223
• The secret way that protein quiets your hunger for longer periods of time—and why you should include some protein in every meal and snack you eat. See page 33.
• The single most important key to permanent weight-loss success. (It’s on page 29.) This crucial tip comes from the world’s largest database of people who have lost an average of 60 pounds and kept it off for 10 years.
• Why you need regular “splurges” to avoid feeling deprived and rigid. Follow my practical advice 80 percent of the time and you can do what you want for the other 20 percent! You’ll love my “80/20 Rule” on page 12.
• Why the “experts” who tell you to exercise like a hamster are ABSOLUTELY WRONG! Here’s the only physical activity you really need to burn extra calories … in Chapter 14.
• Why people who rely on willpower to lose weight are doomed to FAILURE. This is because the human body is genetically programmed to crave calorie-rich, ultra-sweet, fatty foods. But I’ll teach you a clever trick to outsmart these genes that make you fat! Page 16
• The fatal flaw in trendy diets like low-fat … low-carb … Atkins … South Beach … and others. Why they DON’T work for long-term results. Page 5
• Why your body gains MORE weight from the foods and snacks you munch at night. Page 33
• How get your kids to eat better and lose weight—without nagging them. This one tip could save them from diabetes or juvenile heart disease! Don’t miss Chapter 9.
• And that’s just for starters!
Let’s face it: Fast food is here to stay
Nutritionists and health experts have been condemning fast food for the last decade or so, yet it hasn’t helped. America leads the world in obesity, in heart attacks, in diabetes, and in cancer. The biggest cause? The way we eat!
Conventional weight-loss wisdom has also been a dismal failure. Doctors and weight-loss experts have been scolding us to “eat less and exercise more” for decades. Has it worked? Hardly. Over the last three decades, we’ve actually gotten fatter, heavier, and sicker.
Folks, it’s time for a different approach and a practical strategy that will work in the real world. That’s why I wrote The Fast Food Diet.
Why do you want to lose weight?
No matter how much we want it, most of us are never going to lose enough weight to look like a super-model of GQ cover guy.
And we shouldn’t try to.
The most important reason to lose weight is your health, not your looks. Being overweight is the number one risk factor for the degenerative diseases that are killing us prematurely. According to the U.S. Surgeon General, carrying around 20 to 30 extra pounds is as dangerous to your health as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day!
Unless we make some quick changes, these problems are only going to get worse because our children are in worse shape than the adults.
Win BIG with “the 10% solution”
What a shame because these health problems can be easily defeated or avoided simply by losing a little weight. Health researchers have discovered that dropping just 10% of a person’s body weight is all it takes to turn these health problems around and increase his or her lifespan significantly.
And a 10% weight reduction is easily achieved on my plan. Think about it. If you weight 160 pounds, you only need to lose 16 pounds to protect yourself from these terrible diseases. With The Fast Food Diet, you can accomplish that in just 8 weeks or less!
So whether you’re a true-blue fast-food junkie—or someone who just can't imagine life without McDonald's, Pizza Hut, or Taco Bell (even though you probably know it's not that great for you)—The Fast Food Diet will help you lose weight and improve your health by making small, smart, simple adjustments in your eating habits. These little changes can quickly add up to BIG RESULTS in pounds lost and positive health benefits gained.
Making weight-loss easy is what The Fast Food Diet
is all about. How easy? Just look …
• At McDonald’s: Substitute the Low-Fat Balsamic Vinaigrette for the Ranch dressing and you’ll save 130 calories.
• For your beverage: Switch from a 32-ounce soda to the 16-ounce size and you’ll avoid 155 calories. Better yet, make a “spritzer” of ¼ Sprite® and ¾ seltzer water and you’ll be 200 calories ahead. Or choose ice tea or water with a lemon slice.
• Everywhere/anywhere: Hold the “special sauce” and the cheese and the bacon on your burger and there’s another 450 calories saved.
Voila! With three painless decisions you’ll saved nearly 750 calories—without even noticing it. Employ these clever tactics three times a day and you’ll weigh two to three pounds less at the end of the week—that’s 12 pounds of weight loss in a month’s time!
The Fast Food Diet is packed with hundreds of clever “slender-size me”™ tricks like these that can shave a few hundred calories from every meal or snack you eat. Without eating less food or depriving yourself of the flavors you’ve come to love.
The calories you save will add up to pounds lost just as quickly and surely as those extra calories have been increasing your weight. Here’s why …
Losing weight isn’t rocket science
It’s really just simple math. You see, it takes 3,500 extra calories to add one pound to your weight. On the other hand, your body will lose one pound for every 3,500 fewer calories you take in or burn off.
The easiest way to do this is to eat just 500 fewer calories every day. This way, you’ll lose a pound a week without doing anything else. That adds up to 50 pounds in a year! And this is a cinch to do with tips you’ll find in The Fast Food Diet.
You’ve just seen a couple of tips from my book that show how easy it is to shave 500 calories or more from your diet without even noticing it. Heck, it’s just as easy knock 1,000 calories off the favorite foods you eat and DOUBLE your weight loss! Page after page of
The Fast Food Diet will shown you how. For instance …
• Salad is your best bet for a “slender-sizing” lunch, right? Not so fast. This popular McDonald’s salad contains the same amount of fat and calories as their cheeseburger! Page 13 tells why
• Which makes you chubby faster—carbohydrates or fat? Neither! The most dangerous foods for your weight and waistline are those that trigger the release of insulin in your bloodstream. (That’s because insulin transforms excess calories into fat and stores it in your fat cells.) So, what are these nasty insulin-triggering foods? See page 25 for the worst offenders.
• Take it home. Studies show that people actually eat less when they order a take-out meal and bring it home. Page 34 explains why.
• Why soft drinks are so fattening. They are the largest source of calories in our diet today. It’s easy to become overweight on them because your body doesn’t register the calories in the corn syrup sweetener that manufacturers now use, so they don’t contribute to your feeling of fullness one bit. But these alternative drinks (on page 37) have almost NO calories and will definitely satisfy your thirst.
• How to lose an extra 12 pounds a year by doing almost NOTHING! You’ve got to see this ingenious trick with your own eyes! On page 49.
• This Arby’s Roast Beef sandwich (see page 50) has less fat and fewer calories than most chicken breast sandwiches. It’s so lean, you could eat it everyday and lose weight.
• The two most slimming burgers on the Burger King menu. You can’t go wrong with either of these yummy lunch treats! Page 52
• Who says you can’t lose weight at KFC? Here are my best lunch and dinner picks. You’ll be so surprised! Page 55
• Dessert, anyone? This McDonald’s sweet treat tastes so rich—but it contains only 160 calories! Page 57
• Headed for Subway? Be careful. Despite their wonderful “eat fresh” reputation, some menu items are real belly-busters. Stick with these 9 recommendations and you may lose as much weight as Jared did! On page 59.
• What’s good at Taco Bell? Plenty—IF you stick with these “slender-sizing” picks. You’ll get a LOT of food, but NOT a lot of calories. See page 60.
• Why I love Wendy’s. This “ultimate” sandwich (on page 62) is an entire meal, yet contains only 360 calories. Don’t miss my four other favorite picks, either.
• Ranking the salad dressing. Most salad dressings are loaded with calories. Page 35 guides you to the lowest calorie-saving choices—and reveals a clever secret that lets you use even less dressing without missing any of the flavor. Then, over on page 67 you’ll see how the top 7 dressing flavors compare for fat and calories. You won’t believe who’s Number One!
• Who has the best salads? I’ve compared them all for taste, nutrition, calories, and fat. “And the winner is …” Page 68 guides you to today’s top fast food salads.
• Who’s “king of the fries?” The average person eats 30 pounds of them per year. Yikes! If you’re not careful, they can make you fat in no time. Who sells the leanest, cleanest French fries in the business? I tell all on page 69.
• And you’ll find plenty more where that came from in The Fast Food Diet.
What’s the biggest obstacle to losing weight?
It isn’t binge-eating. Or lack of willpower. Or your hormones. Or your “fat genes” (whatever they are).
The biggest obstacle to successful weight-loss is NOT knowing how many calories you should be eating to lose weight— and how many calories you actually ARE chowing down.
The average person doesn’t have clue! That’s another reason I wrote The Fast Food Diet: To point you toward the meals that won’t add to your weight—and away from those that will.
You see, fast food doesn’t have nutritional information printed on its wrapper. Nor will you find it on their menus. The only way you can gauge how many calories there are in your meal picks is to visit the restaurant’s website.
Right! Like you’re really going to do that when you’ve only got 20 minutes for lunch. Or when you’ve got a car full of whiny, hungry kids.
But NOT knowing how many calories there are in the meals you pick—or how many calories you can safely eat without gaining weight—can get your waistline in BIG trouble fast.
Why? Because many of those menu items can easily contain far more calories than you body can process at a time. When this happens, the excess calories get immediately converted into fat are stored around your hips, belly, thighs, and are deposited in your arteries. For instance …
• Start your day with Arby’s Sausage and Gravy Biscuit, orange juice and an Original Cinnamon Roll and you’ll take in 1,718 calories. That’s enough to add ½ pound to your weight at one sitting!
• What about lunch? The McDonald’s Quarter Pounder with cheese, plus a 16-ounce soda and an order of large fries contains 1,166 calories. That 2/3s of the TOTAL calories that the average adult female should eat in an entire day!
• Or you could go to Hardee’s and have a Monster Thickburger, large fries, and large Coke. At 2,310 total calories, that’s more food than most people should eat in a day.
• Dinner at KFC? Two pieces of Extra Crispy Chicken Breast, cole slaw, Potato Wedges and a large Pepsi will cost you 1,800 calories (not to mention 52 grams of fat!).
Add up the calories in those three meals and you’re looking at enough to increase you weight by almost two extra pounds in just one day! And that doesn’t include the snacks, sodas, and candy most folks nibble throughout the day.
Now you see why it’s so easy to gain weight. But I’ve got news for you …
It’s just as easy to lose those pounds
without giving up fast food! Here’s the secret:
The truth is, there are only a few unhealthy and fattening ingredients that give fast food such a bad reputation. Once you know what they are—and how to avoid or limit your consumption of them—you’ll be able to enjoy fast food and restaurant meals while actually losing weight. I’ll reveal what they are in The Fast Food Diet. For example …
• “Franken Fat.” Almost every restaurant and fast food eatery (with the exception of Wendy’s) uses this type of synthetic fat in certain menu items. Food scientists invented it because it’s super cheap and doesn’t go rancid. It also masks the ill-flavors when other ingredients in these foods go bad, so shelf-life is lengthened. Because this fake fat isn’t a real food, your body doesn’t digest it, so it circulates throughout the bloodstream clogging arteries and causing heart disease and diabetes. Researchers blame it for almost 20 percent of all fatal heart attacks. It also moves body fat to your belly from other fat cells and causes weight gain, even when the total dietary calories are controlled. We still have no law requiring restaurants to tell consumers which foods contain this toxic fat—but I will. Turn to page 28 of my book for the full story.
• Corn sweetener. Once upon a time, food manufacturers sweetened their product with real sugar. But in an effort to save money, they invented a new sweetener made from corn. Today, this stuff is everywhere—especially in soft drinks—making them one of the leading causes of overweight, obesity, Type 2 diabetes and other weight-related illnesses. (A large soda contains as many calories as a cheeseburger or a small order of fries!) Because this corn sweetener does not contribute to satiety (the feeling of fullness), it’s easy to ingest these extra calories without noticing it. Corn-sweetened soft drinks are the single biggest source of calories in the North American diet. The average American drinks upward of 50 gal¬lons of soft drinks annually! Cutting down on these corn-sweetened beverages is one of the easiest was I know to lose weight painlessly. I’ll show you how on page 37 of The Fast Food Diet.
• Secret salt. Folks, we are experiencing an epidemic of high blood pressure and stroke in this country. And the salt in our diet is directly responsible. I’m not talking about the salt you sprinkle from the shaker, but rather the “secret” salt that restaurants and food manufacturers add in their kitchens. Nearly 80 percent of our daily salt intake comes from these hidden sources. The average American is consuming 20 to 30 times MORE salt than his or her body needs—and that’s if you never pick up the salt shaker. Excess sodium causes your body to retain fluid and can puff up your face and body, making you look fat and aged. Worse, it inflates your blood pressure and is the leading cause of heart attack and stroke. Most people are completely unaware of their sodium limit—or how much they are consuming in their foods. My book provides the answers. This is vital information that can literally save your life. The truth is, it’s actually quite easy to keep you salt intake out of the danger zone when you know how. Whatever you do, please don’t miss page 42 of The Fast Food Diet.
• Acrylamide. Pronounced a-kril-a-myde, this compound recently has been found to cause cancer in laboratory animals and is classified as “a probable carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The danger is so serious that the World Health Organization (WHO) recently convened an international symposium to discuss the health ramifications of the acrylamide in our food supply. The highest levels of acrylamide have been found in one particular fast food—the amount being at least 300 times MORE than what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency permits in a glass of tap water. The FDA should be advising consumers to avoid or cut back on foods containing this carcinogen, but it has been strangely silent on the subject. A California attorney has formally demanded that McDonald’s and Burger King put a “cancer warning label” on this fast food menu item, as required by the state’s Proposition 65. Both restaurant chains face a legal deadline to respond. Please don’t wait for the legal process to step in and protect your health. That could take years! Turn to page 40 of my book to unmask this deadly new cancer threat in your food—and avoid it like the plague.
By now, I bet I know what some of you are thinking …
“Calories? Fat? Carbs? Cancer-causing ingredients?
I just want a quick meal, not a lesson in nutrition!”
That’s fair. After all, isn’t the real reason we eat so much fast food because we don’t have time for a sit-down meal or home cooking?
I had your precious time in mind when I wrote The Fast Food Diet. That’s why you’ll find everything you need to know about losing weight and eating better in the book’s 228 pages. I mean everything. Such as …
• How to quickly figure out how many calories you should take in everyday to STOP gaining weight— and where those calories should come from. Page 13
• How many calories per day you should cut back on to lose one pound a week … two pounds a week … three pounds a week … or four … or MORE! See page 32.
• Which foods fill you up FASTEST with the least amount of calories? See page 25.
• FACT: It isn’t HOW MUCH you eat that makes you fat—but WHAT you are eating. Meaning: It’s the CALORIES in your food, not the volume or amount of it, that adds to your weight. I’ll show you the foods and meals you can eat seconds—even thirds—of, and still lose weight! Page 18
• Why you should always, always, ALWAYS eat breakfast—even if you’re pressed for time. Studies show that people who do, lose the most weight and keep it off longer. Page 32
• How to stock up your fridge and pantry with yummy, low-calorie goodies and the nutritionally-sound ingredients you can throw together in minutes for a delicious, ultra-fast home-cooked meal. Page 126
• 10 recipes for “quick cuisine”™ meals you can make at home in a flash. Starting on page 144.
• Your best buys—and the biggest belly-busters!—in the supermarket deli section. Page 129
• My favorite frozen dinners. These not only taste superb, but every one fits into my weight-loss plan. You’ll lose weight steady and readily without ever being hungry. Page 139
• Five ingenious kitchen gadgets that save you time and SLASH the fat when you’re cooking in the kitchen. Page 143
• The vitamins and supplements you MUST start taking if you eat fast food more than two or three times per week. Page 157
• Plus dozens of other facts and tidbits that make losing weight EASIER than it’s ever been.
And how’s this for “easy” …
You won’t have to guess or go searching for the calorie content of the meals you want to order from a restaurant menu. The Fast Food Diet has already done that work for you!
Beginning on page 105, you’ll find six full weeks worth of “slender-size me”™ breakfasts, lunches, and dinners—at more that 60 of North America’s most popular fast food and sit-down restaurants—from Arby’s to Wendy’s … Applebee’s to TGI Fridays. I’ve gone over every menu and selected my “doctor-approved” favorites from each. They’re all within my weight-loss and nutritional guidelines. Every one is full-flavored. And these are hearty meals containing LOTS of food and plenty of variety—so you’ll stay satisfied without being tempted to cheat.
My Six Week Fast Food Diet Plan is so low in calories that you could eat out everyday—at every meal!—and still wind up 12 to 20 pounds lighter at the end of it.
Of course, I’m NOT encouraging anyone to dine out this often because the most healthful, wholesome food you can possibly eat is home-cooked. In my opinion, dinner time is “quality time” for the whole family—especially in our time-crunched, fractured society.
My point is to give you healthful options so that when you do find yourself in a fast food restaurant, you won’t be at loss for what to order. Keep The Fast Food Diet in your purse of the glove compartment of you car and you’ll always make the right choice, so you won’t blow your progress of balloon your waistline.
You’ll be an inspiration and source of help
to your family, friends, and co-workers
With just a little practice, you be making better menu choices instinctively—and correctly. Once your friends begin to notice the new, slimmed-down you, they’ll start looking up to you for tips, weight-loss suggestions, menu recommendations, and other ideas on how they can duplicate your success.
The Fast Food Diet is your life-raft in raging sea of fattening food. Here’s what I mean…
• Airports. Have you ever tried to find a light, healthful meal in an airport terminal? It’s difficult—but not impossible. In Chapter 11, I’ll guide you to the best low-calorie meals and snacks at any airport. Plus, I’ll reveal 7 great tips for satisfying your hunger in the terminal and in the air, so you won’t end up needing one of those extension links for your seat belt.
• Vacations. How about on the road? No doubt about it, driving is just plain boring. Most of us nibble and slurp away the miles in sort of a traffic trance. Nothing wrong with that—as long as you’re noshing of something that won’t blimp you up. Trouble is, those are exactly the kind of snacks and beverages you’ll find in convenience stores and gas stations along our highways. Starting on page 183, I’ll point you to the convenience store foods, snacks, and drinks that will fill you up without adding an ounce to your weight. That goes for the vending machines at the office, too.
• Holidays. Nothing destroys your weight-loss progress like the holidays, right? Who can resist the cookies, the eggnog, the buffets and dinner parties. Before you know it: thar she blows! This won’t happen to you if you follow my 7 tips for surviving the holidays. None of these require sacrifice or willpower (by now, you realize they don’t work). Instead, I’ll reveal the strategies that do, such as “Eat early, party late” … “Divide and conquer” … “Eat what you love” … plus several others. See page 188.
• The Fast Food Diet for Kids. And most important of all: your kids and grandkids. My book brings you some ingenious secrets for helping them eat better, make smarter menus choices, lose weight, and become more active. One-in-five children are now over weight in this country. And the number of kids who will get diabetes is skyrocketing. Reason? They eat much more fast food they we adults do. The tips in my book will help them cut down. You’ll read why you should always place their restaurant order as soon as you sit down—no waiting. Why you should never trust the kid’s menu. The correct food portions for kids and teens. Why spaghetti and macaroni are healthier than burgers. How to change your children’s eating habits so they actually want to eat healthier. And I even provide scrumptious, low-calorie menu recommendations for children from North America’s most popular sit-down and fast food restaurants. No more guessing or hoping.
Something’s gotta give …
Thanks for reading this far. It shows that you really care about the way your body looks … your attractiveness and sexiness … your health and the quality of your life … improving the prospects for your children and grandchildren … and your sense of adventure and zest for life.
Wasn’t it just yesterday you looked at the adults around you and swore, “That’s not ever going to be me!” We all did. But most of us are now realizing it’s not that easy. There’s so much pressure. So little time. And even less money.
I know how hard it is to keep that promise. My life hasn’t been my own since I became a doctor. Like you, I’m always on the go. You’d be surprised at how many doctors and nurses eat fast food every day because we just don’t have time.
You can’t change the world. Nor can I. But you do have power over your health and your appearance. If fact, no one can protect you from diabetes, a heart attack, cancer, or any of the other serious medical conditions of the day BUT you.
I’ll be honest: Unless you renew that promise you made to yourself pretty soon, the odds don’t look good …
• Obesity is rampant in our country. Nearly two-out-of-three American adults are currently overweight, with one-third officially diagnosed as “obese” (30 pounds or more overweight) as is one-in-four children.
• Diabetes has increased 300% in the last 40 years, mainly because of all the corn sweetener and unhealthful fat in our diet.
• Heart attack remains the leading killer of Americans and is now showing up in our teens. For the first time in medical history we are seeing “juvenile hart disease.” There’s no denying that our modern diet is the cause.
• Deaths from breast cancer and prostate cancer are much lower in countries where fast food isn’t popular. We lead the world in both.
As a doctor, I see the painful effects of this every single day. I’ve been called to the ER in the middle of the night to try to save a Mom or Dad who has just suffered a heart attack or stroke. I know plenty of kids who are 9, 10, 11 years of age who must inject themselves with insulin shots everyday because they already have adult diabetes— something unheard of 20 years ago.
I used to blame the fast food industry for this. I also got upset at our schools for inviting these franchises into the lunchroom. And I would fume at the TV ads that bombard our kids with hyper-clever pitches that make them crave these unhealthy, fattening meals
But getting mad didn’t do any good.
You can too. Believe me: It’s not too late to look better, feel better, get more joy out of life, and live longer. You can have all this—and more—if you want it. And you won’t have to subsist on tofu and sprouts or become a marathon runner to see results.
The key lies in eating smarter.
Take it from a doctor who has been helping patients lose weight with this real-world strategy for decades: This approach really works. These small changes will quickly add up to BIG results. You’re going to see your waistline shrink, your cholesterol fall, your blood pressure plummet, while your energy level and your pride in your appearance starts to soar.
Best of all, you’ll be using brainpower instead of willpower to succeed. And that’s really smart!
Here’s the bottom line …
If you want to lose weight and improve your health in the EASIEST possible way, send for a copy of The Fast Food Diet today and let it be your road map to painless weight-loss success. Guided by its medically-sound advice, you’ll always know what to avoid and what to substitute when making your food choices. In no time you’ll become at master at picking the best possible foods for good health and weight-loss—no matter where you eat.
One final point: We are not being good role models for our children and grandchildren when we let ourselves get out of shape. Kids learn by imitation and they eat and drink as we do. So save the lectures. Every good parent knows that children will follow what we do, not just what we say. We’ve got to lead them (and love them) by example.
I wrote The Fast Food Diet to help people like you make the connection between what you eat and how you look and feel before you (or your kids) get hit with a serious health problem. And to show people already hit with a medical condition, how they can get better by eating better.
My book lets you have you cake (or cheeseburger) and eat it too. And no other weight-loss book in print today makes that promise.
Click on to the Amazon.com link right now to get you copy of The Fast Food Diet and save $4.78 off the $14.95 cover price. It’s the best investment you’ll ever make!
To your good health and long life,
Stephen Sinatra, M.D.
